Oppression of First Nation People - 2209 Words

How is it that the indigenous of Canada transpire into the minority and oppressed? Specifically, how are First Nations women vulnerable to multiple prejudices? What are the origins of prejudice amp; oppression experienced by First Nations women in Canada, how has this prejudice been maintained, what is its impact and how can it best be addressed? Ever since the late 1400’s when the European discovered North America they brought along with them a practice of domination leaving the first nation people with very little rights forcing them to stand defenceless. Ever since the settlers arrived, the lives of the First Nation people have forever been damaged with the implementation of new ways of living. These changes have created an image†¦show more content†¦These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fiske 2001). Health care for First Nations people, specifically for those who live in reserve communities receiving federally run services, has been founded on colonial ideology. This allowed and influenced the beginning of dependency of the First Nations people upon the European policy makers (Browne and Fiske 2001). First Nations women have been exceptionally affected. A severe example of oppression in health care was the sterilization of First Nations women in the early 1970s, reportedly without their full consent. During the late 1960s and the early 1970s, a policy of involuntary surgical sterilization was imposed upon Native American women, usually without their knowledge or consent (First Nations). This practice was a federally funded service . Such sterilization practices are clearly a blatant breach of the United Nations Genocide Convention, which declares it an international crime to impose â€Å"measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group (First Nations). Policies such as these allowed for the First Nations women to stay defenceless. Today there are still many examples of howShow MoreRelatedOppression among First Nation People: Canada1731 Words   |  7 PagesOppression among First Nations peoples in Canada The detrimental enforcement of colonialism sparked an era of oppression that has altered, even destroyed years of cultural and spiritual traditions by creating a forced lifestyle that changed the face of First Nations peoples forever. Forced European culture resulted in the diminishing of Firsts Nations values and rights. A cycle of social, physical, and spiritual obliteration resulted from the dispossession of First Nations lands and the implementationRead MoreRice s Book Legacy Is Written Differently Than Many Others1488 Words   |  6 Pagesdue to a tragic car accident. From here, the troubles for the siblings are unfortunately not over. As the story continues, the reader is made aware of another tragic event, which is the death of Eva who was murdered in an alleyway while being the first of her siblings to attend university. From that moment on, the other sections begin by showing a reflection of where the siblings were the day their parents died and many of the choices they m ade after that moment. However, with the death of theirRead MoreOppression in China973 Words   |  4 PagesOppression in China What is the denotation of the term oppression? It is defined as unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power (MerriamWebster.com). Mao Zedong, a malicious and dictatorial tyrant, was a leader of China who exposed the nation to numerous forms of oppression. Through the movements known as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, Mao removed capitalistic and traditional principles from China’s society while implementing both communistic and socialistic ways. DuringRead MoreBlack Nationalism927 Words   |  4 PagesThe colored people are coming to face the fact quite calmly that most white Americans do not like them, and are planning neither for their survival, nor their definite future W.E.B. DuBois A Negro Nation within the Nation The Premise: Black Nationalism is a pragmatic solution for the success and survival of the oppressed African Americans. The Argument: Black Nationalism is defined by Karenga, as the political belief and practice of African Americans as a distinct people with a distinctRead MoreThe Founding Of The First English Colonies855 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the founding of the first English colonies to Thomas Jefferson becoming the third president of the United States of America, there was always one question in mind. Is America a land of opportunity? This time period is ridden with oppression and rebellion. So, no America was not a land of opportunity. Because of its infancy and tolerance of oppression, America fell short in terms of opportunity for those who were of the â€Å"lesser† ethnic groups. First, the oppression in America negated its abilityRead MoreInequality Between Aboriginals and Non-Aboriginals Living in Canada872 Words   |  4 PagesIt can be said without a doubt that the indigenous peoples of Canada have had to undergo much turmoil in order to reach the point that they are at today. When one looks at the timeline of events and the laws implemented since the arrival of the Europeans in North America it can be considered a miracle that so many aspects of the rich culture and tradition of these people have survived to see today. It is a blessing that these people have been able to pass down the languages, cultural and societalRead MoreEthics 101 Final1714 Words   |  7 Pagesskin color is. Racism itself if focused mainly on cultural states, and more times than not, whites are considered culturally superior to people of color. The treatment of African Americans and Native Americans in American culture perfectly demonstrate how oppositional dichotomies of race   define racial stereotypes. Cultural dominance was set since the first settlers began to participate in the slave trade. While the black slaves looked very different than their white counterparts, it was the cultureRead MoreA Revolutionary Vote For A New Generation1045 Words   |  5 Pagesrhetorical appeals and strategies of argumentation. It is clear from the speech, that Kennedy plans on uniting the world against communism and war at whatever cost. It is extremely clear that these issues are important to Kennedy and he wants the American people to share his beliefs. In this speech, Kennedy states that his Presidency should be cause for a celebration of freedom. The United States will try to help other countries in the world control and the spread of communism: to ensure the continuousRead MoreClinical Practice Of The Emergency Department1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn clinical practice, there was a First Nations patient that disclosed his experience prior to his hospital admission where he encountered stigma and racism from strangers and health care employees. The patient describes how he was walking on a street, suddenly losing complete strength in both legs causing him to fall down. He was struggling with getting up as he could not regain his strength. There were strangers surrounding him; however, the patient articulated that while he was vulnerable andRead MoreThe History Of Western Imperialism1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of Western imperialism is one of exploitation and decimation of people, their cultures and their resources for the benefit of the Empires. All across the world, the erstwhile colonies have suffered massive loss of culture through the oppression in the form of assimilation of indigenous people, of resources like silver in Latin America, along with re-appropriation of their spaces to accommodate the presence of the white settlers, North America being a prime example. In today’s post-colonial

How Does Media Influence Modern Society - 1531 Words

How does the mass media influence modern society? A definition for what we call mass media is â€Å"The means of communication that reach large numbers of people in a short time, such as television, newspapers, magazines and radio†. Media is something that is all around us, its something that’s becoming unavoidable. Without noticing the things are more and more influencing the public in today’s society they read, see or hear. The media is finding ways to get in peoples minds and influence the way they live. It’s getting harder for people to keep their private lives separate from anything else. In today’s modern society, the human population is completely depending on the media for information and to communicate with others. People trust the media for news, entertainment and even education. People will look, read and listen to things through the media, and a large amount of the population believe that the media is independent and impartial. Todays society is so dependent on the media to do their normal daily routines, like work, travelling, education, and even for there own personal relationships. The media is growing rapidly and influencing more and more people daily, within the last 50 years the media has advanced to the telegraph, and then it was the radio, then newspapers and magazines, television and now the Internet. Some people may consider the Internet being the worst form of mass media. What we need to remember is that most of our decisions and beliefs are basedShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Medium Is The Massage Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pages‘Medium is th e massage’ that the most widespread modern media influence how humans think, act and perceive the world around them. He states that the medium significantly influences the message that people will receive, and thus, the same message is perceived by the same individual in several ways if he receives them in a different way. The expression the medium is the message means that recipient receives messages in different ways depending on how they are presented to him. The message of any mediumRead More Media and Society Essay519 Words   |  3 Pages Media and Society Does society influence media or does media influence society? In a modern world, dependent on continuous communication this is a very important question. If the world were not dependent on communication over large distances, schooling on a mass basis would not be possible or necessary. Most knowledge in traditional cultures was local knowledge, (Geertz 1983) traditions that were passed on through a local community, a very slow and long drawn outRead MoreAcceptance Of Gay Rights And Gender Roles1063 Words   |  5 PagesAcceptance is the key to a successful society. Acceptance of gay rights and gender roles are constantly changing. Over time new problems are introduced to the world and new solutions will be developed to solve the problem. The solution, to the problem, will be given through the media. Media is classified as books, newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet. Authors of different media devices try to send a message to society through media. The way individuals interpret the information is basedRead MoreLearning Reflection And Impact Of Literature1585 Words   |  7 Pageshuman existence and one’s relations with his fellow human beings. Perhaps this pervasive influence of literature on human consciousness accounts for the widespread impact that works of literature have had on influencing culture, such as Star Wars and other works of literature and f ilm that continue to influence the direction of human consciousness, for better or for worse. Through considering personal influences drama, poetry and short stories have had, the paper hopes to show that literature is anRead MoreReality and the Movie The Truman Show Essay example1038 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement- We accept the reality of the world which we are presented? Secondly, what messages is the director trying to give us about modern society? Last of all, explain the part which the media plays in this and power and control it has over individuals? In this essay, I will discuss human nature, our controlling society and how they hide the truth, and the influence of media on us. Whether we accept the reality of the world which we are shown it is debatable. It is human nature to question; we haveRead MoreChanging Environment Of Women s Rights And The Paradox Of Sexual Freedom1458 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough the popular talk of women rights and freedom in the society does help women in certain degree to develop a sense of control and success in recent years, the topics of sex and relationships remain controversial and shameful to talk about. In â€Å"Selections from Hard to Get: Twenty-something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom†, Leslie Bell discovers in her experiments and interviews that despite the choices of freedom and exploration modern women have, they are even more confused than before withRead MoreThe Effects Of Modern Media On Us1046 Words   |  5 PagesEverything in our society impacts us in one way or another; these influences can either be positive or negative. For example, when we see something good happen to others around us we tend to be in a happier mood and when something tragic happens to our country, such as what happened in 9/11, we can’t help but mourn. We never notice how the small things in life could influence us in big ways. We never would notice that things like modern media, such as television, ads, and the internet would impactRead MoreThe Influence of Essentialst Attitudes Portrayed in the Modern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society.1001 Words   |  5 Pages* The Influence of Essentialst Attitudes Portrayed in the Modern Day Sitcom on the Views and Beliefs of Modern Society. Throughout its long history, the sitcom has been commonly understood to define the cultural norms of modern society through such comedy techniques as satire and irony. Like modern society, certain characteristics of the sitcom have evolved over time, while others have remained consistent. The evolution of the sitcom coincides with the generational shift in attitudes of societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1222 Words   |  5 Pagesnovels that were read this quarter related the most to modern American society? The first novel that was read this quarter was Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, and this novel was about a dystopian society and the importance of reading. The next book that was read was Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and this novel was about a society where production is the first priority. Then the last novel read was 1984 by George Orwell, this novel was about a society where the Government ran everything and desired completeRead MoreBenchmark ing1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthat convey information and meaning * is made up of the products a society makes and the processes that create those products * can be defined as the symbols of expression that groups and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values * Mass media – the cultural industries and channels of communication – can then be seen as the distributors of culture. * the history of mass media can be traced through five main eras: * oral * written

Analysis of Act 1 free essay sample

A form of love expressed within Romeo and Juliet is the â€Å"love at first sight† that Romeo feels upon seeing Juliet for the first time. In Shakespearean times, platonic love was prominent and this is clear in Romeos soliloquy. â€Å"Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear† implies Juliet is angelic, demonstrating Romeos instant affection for her. Angel is within the semantic field of religion, a very important factor in the time with which the play is set and therefore illustrates not only Romeos apparent need to shower her with praise and affection, but also how serious his feelings actually are. Religious imagery is used again in stating â€Å"and touching hers, make blessed my rude hand† yet again suggesting that Juliet is a saint and that by touching her Romeo would become â€Å"blessed†. This, however, portrays Romeos beliefs within love. As mentioned, platonic love was the general way in which relationships at the time were, so by Romeo stating that he should touch her shows his forwardness and his almost childlike, selfish tendencies proving his obsession with love. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Act 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later within Act 1, Scene 5, however, Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet upon first meeting. The sonnet is the ultimate display of love and by speaking it together, Shakespeare allows the audience to understand that the two are not only seriously in love, but also share a very pure and unadulterated love- one that is beyond all other love. Shakespeare also displays how, now after seeing Juliet, Romeo has completely dismissed Rosaline, who he was irrevocably in love with not long before hand. â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight. For I neer saw true beauty till this night† emphasises this by stating both the beauty of Juliet to be above all others and states that the beauty he believed Rosaline to have was not indeed so, quite ironically as four scenes previously he stated that she was â€Å"fair† and â€Å"exquisite†, yet again exposes Romeos fickle behaviour in terms of love. Romeo also declares â€Å"so shows a snowy dove trooping with crows† showing his dismissal of what he felt for Rosaline. The sentence is antithesis, demonstrating Romeos opinion that Juliet is exemplary again, â€Å"crows† being opposed to doves but also connoting death, expressing the extremity of Romeos statement. Romeos love for Juliet does appear as though genuine. The first few lines of the soliloquy mostly contain monosyllabic words and are very simple in both style of speech and and the intelligence of the vocabulary. This shows the sincerity of his love as it is completely opposed to when he was speaking of Rosaline. Where his speech then was organised and intentionally melancholy and philosophical, this is his first and genuine opinion of Juliet and her beauty. The soliloquy also consists of five rhyming couplets conveying the speech as romantic, as rhyming couplets are a poetic technique which in turn is considered romantic.

To What Extent Did The Liberal Government (1906 To 1914) Set Up A Welf

To What Extent Did The Liberal Government (1906 To 1914) Set Up A Welfare State In Britain? To what extent did the Liberal Government (1906 to 1914) set up a welfare state in Britain? A welfare state is a state with social services controlled or financed by the Government. These services aim to protect societys weakest members from the cradle to the grave; from birth to death. As Beveridge described it, a welfare state is the provision of services for the prevention of disease, squalor, want, idleness and ignorance. As the national Government from 1906 to 1914, the Liberals passed several reforms which many, including the historian G. Williams, claim heralded the arrival of the welfare state. The Liberal Government addressed the problem of disease and the overall poor health of the nation, as revealed by the physical deficiency of the countrys people, by passing several bills, each aiming to protect the vulnerable members of society, such as children. In 1907, the Medical Inspections Act dealt partially with the problem of disease in schools. Free medical inspections took place following this Act, but, although the Act highlighted the ill health of the nations children, it did nothing to alleviate the problem, for most parents could not afford medical treatment; this was not offered by the Government. Part one of the National Insurance Act of 1911 provided health insurance for workers who earned less then ?160 annually. This Act was triggered both by the issue of national deficiency and from the tuberculosis outbreak which was claiming 75,000 lives every year. Though this Act was significant in that it was the first time that the Government had offered such insurance, it failed to provide for the sick employees family, only for the employee himself. Also, sickness benefit lessened as time passed, and after 26 weeks, it was infinitesimal. The final reform Act passed by the Liberals which concentrated on lessening poor health was the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1906, which provided compensation for injury sustained whilst working. The problem of want was one which affected many living in Britain, particularly the working class. People living in poverty wanted for money and food, and the Liberal Government combated this indigence through reforms such as the Old Age Pensions Act, the School Meals Act and Acts which established a minimum wage. The first reform passed by the Liberals which targeted want was aimed at children: the School Meals Act of 1906. This was a cautious measure, successful in terms of the number of school meals provided: from 3 million in 1906 to 14 million in 1914, but limited in that there was no compulsion in the Act until 1914, and by 1912 over half the local authorities had not set up school meals. The Liberals also provided for the elderly, through the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908. This provided a pension of 5 shillings to any person over the age of 70. However, the amount offered was simply not enough to raise poor pensioners above the poverty line. Also, the pensions were only given t o those over 70; the average life span of a working class adult was much shorter than this. The National Insurance Act of 1911, Part two, provided unemployment insurance for people working in industries which were badly hit by periodic unemployment; seasonal trades such as shipbuilding and construction. This Act was limited in its effectiveness because it only covered seven trades and unemployment benefit lasted for only 15 weeks in one year. However, it was the first time that the Government had accepted any responsibility for the unemployed instead of thinking that unemployment was a result of individual idleness. Through the Sweated Trades Act and the Trade Boards Act of 1909, the Liberal Government set up boards to negotiate minimum wage levels for non-unioned sweated trades. The problem with these Acts was that they failed to establish an exact definition of a minimum wage. Idleness was perceived as a problem by society, which continued to be influenced by laissez-faire attitudes of the previous century, at the time of the Liberal Government. Despite the fact that the problem of unemployment was not solely caused by idleness, the Liberals passed a bill aimed at stopping laziness: The

Killer Angels by Walter Dean meyers essays

Killer Angels by Walter Dean meyers essays Expecting the unexpected is the perfect phrase that matches the historical but fictional novel, Fallen Angels. Richie Perry , the protagonist, had just joined the army and later fought for several months on 1967 and 1968 in the Vietnam War. When he first joined though, the author, Walter Dean Myers, gave Richie illusions to how war was supposed to be. Richie, like other soldiers in the novel, expected wars to be just like movies and stories. They always showed battles as heroic, glorious, etc. But during that time at war, those illusions were hardly close to the reality of what war was supposed to be. As a result, Richie found himself struggling to come to terms with the horrifying reality of war, which contradicts the myths about the war that he At first, Richie didnt want to let go of his beliefs on war. He believed that the good, smart, and careful soldiers were the ones that always survived while death came to enemies, unskilled soldiers, and just all-around bad people. The longer he stayed fighting in the war was the more he realized how wrong he was. Death, to him, was now unfair and random. One example of how death was unfair and random would be by a man named of Jenkins. Jenkins was young man who went to war only because his father wanted him to. He spent about two days in the war and as a result, he got killed instantly by stepping on a hidden landmine. This death was unfair because it wasnt his decision to go to war and he had no control over his death. It was random also because he had went through a little battle and later died just when he and the rest of the soldiers with him were reentering their camp. Richie also believed that life in the army would be much more simple than complex. He believed that all the soldiers would be heroic, glorious, and the army would have a lot of help and ...

Atomic Bombs and How They Work

Atomic Bombs and How They Work There are two types of atomic explosions that can be facilitated by Uranium-235: fission and fusion. Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into fragments (usually two fragments of comparable mass) all the while emitting 100 million to several hundred million volts of energy. This energy is expelled explosively and violently in the atomic bomb. A fusion reaction, on the other hand, is usually started with a fission reaction. But unlike the fission (atomic) bomb, the fusion (hydrogen) bomb derives its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes into helium nuclei. Atomic Bombs This article discusses the A-bomb or atomic bomb. The massive power behind the reaction in an atomic bomb arises from the forces that hold the atom together. These forces are akin to, but not quite the same as, magnetism. About Atoms Atoms are comprised of various numbers and combinations of the three sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons cluster together to form the nucleus (central mass) of the atom while the electrons orbit the nucleus, much like planets around a sun. It is the balance and arrangement of these particles that determine the stability of the atom. Splitability Most elements have very stable atoms which are impossible to split except by bombardment in particle accelerators. For all practical purposes, the only natural element whose atoms can be split easily is uranium, a heavy metal with the largest atom of all natural elements and an unusually high neutron-to-proton ratio. This higher ratio does not enhance its splitability, but it does have an important bearing on its ability to facilitate an explosion, making uranium-235 an exceptional candidate for nuclear fission. Uranium Isotopes There are two naturally-occurring isotopes of uranium. Natural uranium consists mostly of isotope U-238, with 92 protons and 146 neutrons (92146238) contained in each atom. Mixed with this is a 0.6% accumulation of U-235, with only 143 neutrons per atom. The atoms of this lighter isotope can be split, thus it is fissionable and useful in making atomic bombs. Neutron-heavy U-238 has a role to play in the atomic bomb as well since its neutron-heavy atoms can deflect stray neutrons, preventing an accidental chain reaction in a uranium bomb and keeping neutrons contained in a plutonium bomb. U-238 can also be saturated to produce plutonium (Pu-239), a man-made radioactive element also used in atomic bombs. Both isotopes of uranium are naturally radioactive; their bulky atoms disintegrating over time. Given enough time (hundreds of thousands of years), uranium will eventually lose so many particles that it will turn into lead. This process of decay can be greatly accelerated in what is known as a chain reaction. Instead of disintegrating naturally and slowly, the atoms are forcibly split by bombardment with neutrons. Chain Reactions A blow from a single neutron is enough to split the less-stable U-235 atom, creating atoms of smaller elements (often barium and krypton) and releasing heat and gamma radiation (the most powerful and lethal form of radioactivity). This chain reaction occurs when spare neutrons from this atom fly out with sufficient force to split other U-235 atoms that they come in contact with. In theory, it is necessary to split only one U-235 atom, which will release neutrons that will split other atoms, which will release neutrons ... and so on. This progression is not arithmetic; it is geometric and takes place within a millionth of a second. The minimum amount to start a chain reaction as described above is known as supercritical mass. For pure U-235, it is 110 pounds (50 kilograms). No uranium is ever quite pure, however, so in reality more will be needed, such as U-235, U-238, and Plutonium. About Plutonium Uranium is not the only material used for making atomic bombs. Another material is the Pu-239 isotope of the man-made element plutonium. Plutonium is only found naturally in minute traces, so useable amounts must be produced from uranium. In a nuclear reactor, uraniums heavier U-238 isotope can be forced to acquire extra particles, eventually becoming plutonium. Plutonium will not start a fast chain reaction by itself, but this problem is overcome by having a neutron source or highly radioactive material that gives off neutrons faster than the plutonium itself. In certain types of bombs, a mixture of the elements Beryllium and Polonium is used to bring about this reaction. Only a small piece is needed (supercritical mass is about 32 pounds, though as little as 22 can be used). The material is not fissionable in and of itself but merely acts as a catalyst to the greater reaction.

Taxation of life-cycle savings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taxation of life-cycle savings - Essay Example Further, 25% lump sum can be withdrawn from pension funds tax free (Lymer & Oats, 2013). Due to these treatments, most of the savings in the UK are made in pensions, housings and ISAs. They discourage savings in all other forms and put limitations on economic activity. Further, the current tax laws are complex. According to the current system, neutrality can neither be achieved over time nor across assets. It discourages people from saving because the present value of their income increases. They become better off spending their income now than later. Also, this system does not take inflation into account. The returns on savings are taxed on nominal returns. Therefore, tax on returns on savings actually increases with a rise in inflation rate. Further, the phenomenon of compound interest reduces the effective rate of return and its reducing effect is directly proportional to the passage of time (Mirrlees et al., 2011). Adam Smith (1776) proposed four canons of taxation for an optimal tax system. These canons are: ‘Equity, Certainty, Convenience and efficiency’ (Lymer & Oats, 2013, p.43). Economic efficiency relates to fiscal neutrality which refers to an ideal tax condition which does not ‘distort the economic and commercial decisions made by individuals’ (Lymer & Oats, 2013, p61). The concept of neutrality demands that people’s choices should not be distorted. However, in standard income tax, neutrality is foregone both over time and across assets. The current system makes people prefer investing in pension funds and ISAs but discourages saving through other opportunities as it taxes them at a higher rate. Further, it actually subsidises investing in a pension fund as it allows a tax free withdrawal of a lump sum. This discourages people from taking risks and limits economic activity. It also defeats the prospects of achieving neutrality over time. This system treats capital gains differently

Fruit Fly Genetics lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fruit Fly Genetics - Lab Report Example About 10-14 days after the eggs are laid by the females, the adult flies emerge from their pupal cases. In this lab, we performed a dihybrid cross for dumpy wing/normal eye color and normal wing/sepia eye color. In a dihybrid cross, two different mutants are crossed to each other and a sibling cross is performed with the progeny from the F1 generation. The dihybrid cross is performed to determine if two genes assort independently or if they are genetically linked. If the two genes assort independently, the expected phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. If the two genes are on the same chromosome and linked, there will be fewer recombinants that have a phenotype different from either parent in the P generation. Since dumpy and sepia are both recessive traits, the F1 generation will be phenotypically wild-type. The dependent variable is the number of each class of flies in the F2 generation (wild-type, dumpy, sepia, and dumpy/sepia). The controlled variables are the genotypes of the P1 and F1 generations. The P1 generation will be either red eyed, dumpy or sepia, normal wing. The F1 generation will all be heterozygous for both mutations. This is verified by making sure that the F1 flies used for the cross all have the wild-type phenotype for both wings and eyes. Flies were sorted by genital morphology and the presence/absence of sex combs under a dissecting microscope following anesthetization with FlyNap. Flies were cultured and allowed to develop in vials with water added to dry media and supplemental yeast. Progeny from each cross were allowed to develop in the vials and emerging adults were collected. The P and F1 generations were sorted and 10 males and 10 females were placed in new culture vials with food to set up both crosses. The F2 progeny were counted by phenotype and the data was recorded. The phenotypes were scored as either dumpy or normal wings and red or sepia eyes. ÃŽ §2 statistical analysis

Benefits of the European Union Essay Example for Free

Benefits of the European Union Essay The European Union is an organization of democratic European countries based on the idea of committing to working together for peace and prosperity. In the recent years the Union is considered to be one of the most strongest and most influential organisation in the world. Therefore all questions related to this are become questions with significant matter. In this essay I shall be firstly define my academic subject with presenting a short rà ©sumà © of the history of the European Union followed by an explanation of its main benefits and why they are so important. In order to support my arguments I shall use reliable sources and materials, whose authors are regarded as trustworthy on the European Union issues. In my conclusion I’ll summarise the main advantages of the European union and I’ll explain why every one of us should be interested in this subject. Identifing   myself as a part of the Union and conduct from the heart of the european idea,I shall strongly backing my position that the European Union is the only future for Europe. The European Union is a unique legal system which, following the most recent expansion of 1st January 2007, comprises almost 489 million people within 27 States with diverse legal traditions. Any further enlargements would bring the EU’s population to over half a billion people, (more than the USA and Japan combined). The main idea of creating an integrated Union was conceived before 50 years as a way to prevent destruction and to maintain peace within Europe.   The general aim of the European Union is an economic and political progress and to realize a common foreign and security policy, to stabilize the protection of the rights and interests of the member states, and to develop close cooperation on justice and home affairs (Politics in the EU, p.90). All European Union decisions and procedures are based on the Treaties, which are agreed by all the EU countries. This is one of the main democratic characteristics on the Union. The core of the Union, which is the single market, consists the main benefits and advantages that European Union can offer to its citizen. From 1 January 1993 the European Community formally became a Single Market without internal frontiers. What does this actually means? This means that people, goods, services and capital will be able to move around as freely as within one country. (EU Law 2006, p.369).   Its creation was one of the main objectives of the original Rome of Treaty (1957). These four freedoms of movement are underpinned by a range of supporting policies and they are the engine of the single market. Consequently many standards have been harmonized for hundreds of products, producing a level playing field for manufacturers across the EU, regardless of where they are based.  Moreover the process of harmonization of goods produced in one country of the Single Market by all the others means that if this product is high quality to be sold in one member state, it cannot be excluded from sale in another.   The overall effect has been to turn the EU into a huge â€Å"domestic† market for all citizens.

Conflict And Resolution Within A Work Group Essay example -- Group Tea

Effective communications is defined as the successful exchange of information between individuals. An effective communicator is successful in establishing an active two-way link with another individual or group. When people work in groups, there are two quite separate issues involved. The first is the task and the problems involved in getting the job done. The second is the process of the group work itself: the mechanisms by which the group acts as a unit. Without due attention to this process the value of the group can be diminished or even destroyed; yet with a little explicit management of the process, it can enhance the worth of the group to be many times the sum of the worth of its individuals. It is this synergy which makes group work attractive in corporate organization despite the possible problems (and time spent) in group formation (Blair, 2015). Conflict and Causes of Conflicts Conflict is any situation in which individuals or groups do not agree. Individuals or groups have different ideas, interest or goals and can not compromise because the opposing parties have strong beliefs that they are very different from each other. People have different views on many different subjects; therefore, when interests are threatened, conflicts arise. There are two types of conflicts: positive conflicts and negative conflicts. A positive conflict is where the outcome of the conflict results in a positive solution. If the conflict creates better decisions, develops shared ideas, and personal growth and change, it is considered to be a positive conflict. Negative conflict is where the outcome of the conflict creates a destructive result. If the conflict creates unresolved anger, personality clashes, low self esteem or low ... ...rson chooses the way the encoded message is to be transmitted or channeled to the other person or group. This can be done by various ways, such as, face-to-face, written, or electronic mail, just to touch on a few. Upon receiving the message the receiver has the option to provide feedback to the source. Feedback is a fundamental part of the communication process. It is important to realize how critical feedback can be and how it can overcome difficulties when communicating. The group process must be planned, monitored and reviewed just like any other managed process (Blair, 2015). References Blair, G.M. (n.d.). Groups that work. Web. 17 April 2015. http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/art0.html Beard, Ronald. (n.d.). "Working With Group Conflict" University of Maine. Web. 17 April 2015. http://www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/PDFpubs/6106.pdf

Growth Through Going Global

Growth Through Going Global The traditional theory of the firm is based on the short-run profit maximization. Many actions of firms may be seen to conflict with this aim and yet could be consistent with the aim of long-run profit maximization. For example, policies to increase the size of the firm or the firm's share of the market may involve heavy advertising or low prices to the detriment of short-run profits. But if this results in the firm becoming larger, with a bigger share of the market, the resulting economic power may enable the firm to make larger profits in the long run.In many respects, a firm's global strategy is simply an extension of its strategy within its own domestic market. However, opening up to global markets can provide an obvious means for a business to expand its markets and spread its risks. It is also a means of reducing costs, whether through economies of scale or from accessing cheap sources of supply or low-wage production facilities. A firm's global grow th strategy may involve simply exporting or opening up factories abroad, or it may involve merging with businesses abroad or forming strategic alliances.The result is that the global business environment has tended to become more and more ompetitive. What will a growth-maximizing firm's price and output be? Unfortunately there is no simple formula for predicting this. In the short run, the firm may choose the profit maximizing price and output – so as to provide the greatest funds for investment. On the other hand, it may be prepared to sacrifice some short-term profits in order to mount an advertising campaign.It all depends on the strategy it considers most suitable to achieve growth. In the long run, prediction is more difficult still. The policies that a firm adopts will depend crucially on the assessments of market opportunities made by managers. But this involves Judgment, not fine calculation. Different managers will Judge a situation differently. One prediction can be made. Growth-maximizing firms are likely to diversify into different products, especially as they approach the limits to expansion in existing markets.It is difficult to draw firm conclusions about the public interest. In the case of sales revenue maximization, a higher output will be produced than under profit maximization, but the consumers will not necessarily benefit from lower prices, since more will be spent on advertising – costs that will be passed on to the consumer. In the case of growth and long-run profit maximization, there are many possible policies that a firm could pursue.To the extent that a concern for the long run encourages firms to look to improved products, new products and new techniques, the consumer may benefit from such a concern. To the extent, however, that growth encourages a greater level of industrial concentration through merger; the consumer theory of the firm, the degree of competition a firm faces is a crucial factor in determining Just how responsive it will be to the wishes of the consumer. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

High School and Football Essay

The game of football has become an extremely popular sport over the years. It has two separate professional leagues, the CFL (Canadian) and the NFL (National Football League). While the NFL is the more popular league, the CFL is a very fast growing league in its own right. Football is played everywhere in Canada, especially in high schools. However, the Avon Maitland School Board has banned football as an extra-curricular sport, and stopped funding it, in its high schools. I feel that this is wrong. Football should be an extracurricular sport in every Avon Maitland high school because it has many physical and mental benefits, and it can bring an entire community together. How could the School Board say no to a sport that is full of benefits? Football is a sport that requires a lot of physical contact. This can cause some problems as injuries can occur. The most common and serious ones are concussions. To prevent this, schools can implement tough rules and penalties, which are similar to a professional league for the safety of the student-athletes. The NFL has disciplined many players recently for violent and unnecessary hits. They have created a rule stating that helmet-to-helmet hits are illegal. I feel that schools could implement his kind of a system to protect the student-athletes. Students who do not follow the strict rules that have been placed down will be punished. The severity of the punishment will range from a suspension to being kicked off the team permanently. With these, strict punishments being laid out I feel that students will follow the rules. The students that choose to play by these rules will gain many benefits from the sport of football, both physical and mental. Playing the game of football comes with many physical and mental benefits. It improves your strength, cardio, and speed. Also, due to the amount of physical activity it involves, it can lower the risk of diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. The mental aspect of the game will make you mentally stronger, and an increasingly better strategist. It makes you more responsible and a better listener. Playing football also increases the blood flow to your brain, which will keep you more alert in class. This could benefit your marks. Calvin is a student from another school district. He plays for the football team at his high school. Calvin talks about his typical school day. I awake at 6:30 am to get ready for my morning jog. I jogged from one end of the city to the other in 1 hour. I then consumed my breakfast and sprinted to school. The school is about 5 kilometers away from my house. I arrive at the school with some sweat dripping down my forehead. But I do not feel exhausted at all. I am on time for my class, as usual. The teacher gives us an insightful lecture. I grasped a lot of what he was talking about. After lunch, my friends and I play some football. I then head off to my last class of the day. I completely understand what the teacher is talking about. We then have a surprise quiz. I breeze through all of the questions and feel very confident about my mark. The bell rings for the end of the school day. I then get ready for football practice. Calvin is very physically fit and mentally strong due to the fact that he plays football on a daily basis. He plays for the school team, and with his friends. He is a prime example of the positive effects that football can have on teenagers. The word discipline is a word that gets thrown around a lot when talking about football. Discipline is key word to use when talking about football. You need discipline in order to play successfully and to listen to your coaches. It can be very beneficial. A typical football practice can be brutal. This is an average student’s account of a typical practice. The sun is out and it is 30 degrees outside. The coach makes everyone run suicides to warm up. Everyone is already dripping sweat. We then run wind-sprints for 20 minutes, in the sweltering heat of the sun. I, for one, am exhausted and ready to just leave and go home. The coach motivates me to keep going though. The grass is burnt to a crisp and every member of the team is drenched in sweat. We practice a couple of plays, running constantly throughout. The coach then tells us to run twenty suicides and then hit the showers. I am panting like a dog during each individual suicide, but I made it. That was a very grueling practice. A media example of discipline in football is the story of Camp Kilpatrick. It is a juvenile detention center for kids that are having problems with street gangs, drug dealing, etc. Statistics show that 75% of the residents eventually either go to jail or die. Sean Porter is a worker at Camp Kilpatrick and he gets sick of seeing this stat over and over. He decided to take action and comes up with the idea of creating a football team to teach the teenage inmates what it takes to be responsible, mature, and winners. At first, two of the kids from rival gangs constantly fought and didn’t work well as a team. This is a repeated event and one of the kids, Calvin Owens, gets shot by the rival gang and is hurt badly. Sean disciplines the kids and they eventually get along together and form a formidable football team of teenagers. After the season is over, the kids go on to have successful lives beyond the street gangs that they grew up in. If they had not played football and learned responsibility and become disciplined, who know what those kids could’ve gotten in to after they got released from the camp. 24 of the kids are now going to school, three of them are working full-time jobs, and only five went back to jail. That is increasingly better than the 75% rate, which is the amount of the kids at the juvenile detention center that go back to jail. This story shows how important the game of football can be, even to high school kids. It also shows how powerful football can be. Imagine what it could do to troubled teens in Avon Maitland high schools. It is so powerful that it can even bring an entire community together. Football can also bring a community together, which not many sports can do. Since football is an expensive game to play, it will require fundraising from the whole school . This in itself can bring an entire school together. The entire state of Texas is a huge example of football bringing communities together. They have thirteen different college football teams from every part of the state of Texas. Every game is sold out and many people from different communities come to cheer the team on. If college teams can bring out crowds like those, why can’t high school teams? The same effect can happen if a big Stratford team is created. Not only will a lot of the city come to see them play, but nearby cities will come too. Cities like St. Mary’s and Mitchell will come every week to see the local team play. Also, if the school chooses to charge money for tickets the school will generate a lot of revenue. Concession stands can be opened up as well, with many local eateries. The city will generate more tourism as well. For example, if every Friday night is a home game for the school team, it will become a weekly get together for the whole town, and other towns, to cheer the home-town team on. This can bring the community together, thus making them stand out from other cities/towns. In conclusion, the Avon Maitland School Board is making a huge mistake. I truly believe that football should not be banned as an extra-curricular sport by the board. Football should be an extra-curricular sport in every Avon Maitland high school because it has physical and mental benefits and it can also bring an entire community together. The benefits definitely outweigh the problems. So I ask this, how can the School Board ban a sport like football?

Major Sub-Disciplines of Geography

Major Sub-Disciplines of Geography The field of geography is a vast and wondrous academic field with thousands of researchers working in dozens of interesting sub-disciplines or branches of geography. There is a branch of geography for just about any subject on Earth. In an effort to acquaint the reader with the diversity of the branches of geography, we summarize many below. Human Geography Many branches of geography are found within human geography, a major branch of geography that studies people and their interaction with the earth and with their organization of space on the earths surface. Economic GeographyEconomic geographers examine the distribution of production and distribution of goods, the distribution of wealth, and the spatial structure of economic conditions.Population GeographyPopulation geography is often equated with demography but population geography is more than just patterns of birth, death, and marriage. Population geographers are concerned with the distribution, migration, and growth of population in geographic areas.Geography of ReligionsThis branch of geography studies the geographic distribution of religious groups, their cultures, and built environments.Medical GeographyMedical geographers study the geographic distribution of disease (including epidemics and pandemics), illness, death and health care.Recreation, Tourism, and Sport GeographyThe study of leisure-time activities and their impact on local environments. As tourism is one of the worlds largest industries, it involves a great number of people making very temporary migrations and is thus of great interest to geographers. Military GeographyPractitioners of military geography are most often found in the military but the branch looks not only at the geographic distribution of military facilities and troops but also utilizes geographic tools to develop military solutions.Political GeographyPolitical geography investigates all aspects of boundaries, country, state, and national development, international organizations, diplomacy, internal country subdivisions, voting, and more.Agricultural and Rural GeographyGeographers in this branch study agriculture and rural settlement, the distribution of agriculture and the geographic movement and access to agricultural products, and land use in rural areas.Transportation GeographyTransportation geographers research transportation networks (both private and public) and the use of those networks for moving people and goods.Urban GeographyThe branch of urban geography investigates the location, structure, development, and growth of cities - from tiny village to huge megalopolis. Physical Geography Physical geography is another major branch of geography. It is concerned with the natural features on or near the surface of the earth. BiogeographyBiographers study the geographic distribution of plants and animals on the earth in the subject known as biogeography.Water ResourcesGeographers working in the water resources branch of geography look at the distribution and use of water across the planet within the hydrologic cycle and of human-developed systems for water storage, distribution, and use.ClimateClimate geographers investigate the distribution of long-term weather patterns and activities of the earths atmosphere.Global ChangeGeographers researching global change explore the long-term changes occurring to planet Earth based on human impacts on the environment.GeomorphologyGeomorphologists study the landforms of the planet, from their development to their disappearance through erosion and other processes.Hazards GeographyAs with many branches of geography, hazards combine work in physical and human geography. Hazard geographers research extreme events known as hazards or disaster and explore the human interac tion and response to these unusual natural or technological events. Mountain GeographyMountain geographers look at the development of mountain systems and at the humans who live in higher altitudes and their adaptations to these environments.Cryosphere GeographyCryosphere geography explores the ice of the earth, especially glaciers and ice sheets. Geographers look at the past distribution of ice on the planet and ice-cause features from glaciers and ice sheets.Arid RegionsGeographers studying arid regions examine the deserts and dry surfaces of the planet. The explore how humans, animals, and plants make their home in dry or arid regions and the use of resources in these regions.Coastal and Marine GeographyWithin coastal and marine geography, there are geographers researching the coastal environments of the planet and how humans, coastal life, and coastal physical features interact.Soils GeographySoil geographers study the upper layer of the lithosphere, the soil, of the earth and its categorization and patterns of distribution. Other major branches of geography include: Regional Geography Many geographers focus their time and energy on studying a specific region on the planet. Regional geographers focus on areas as large as a  continent  or as small as an urban area. Many geographers combine a regional specialty with a specialty in another branch of geography. Applied Geography Applied geographers use geographic knowledge, skills, and techniques to solve problems in everyday society. Applied geographers are often employed outside of academic environment and work for private firms or governmental agencies. Cartography It has often been said that geography is anything that can be mapped. While all geographers know how to display their research on maps, the branch of  cartography  focuses on improving and developing technologies in map-making. Cartographers work to create useful high-quality maps to show geographic information in the most useful format possible. Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems  or GIS is the branch of geography that develops databases of geographic information and systems to display geographic data in a map-like format. Geographers in GIS work to create layers of geographic data and when layers are combined or utilized together in complex computerized systems, they can provide geographic solutions or sophisticated maps with the press of a few keys. Geographic Education Geographers working in the field of  geographic education  seek to give teachers the skills, knowledge, and tools they need to help combat geographic illiteracy and to develop future generations of geographers. Historical Geography Historical geographers research the human and physical geography of the past. History of Geography Geographers working in the history of geography seek to maintain the history of the discipline by researching and documenting the biographies of geographers and the histories of geographic studies and geography departments and organizations. Remote Sensing Remote sensing  utilizes satellites and sensors to examine features on or near the earths surface from a distance. Geographers in remote sensing analyze data from remote sources to develop information about a place where direct observation is not possible or practical. Quantitative Methods This branch of geography uses mathematical techniques and models to test  hypothesis. Quantitative methods are often used in many other branches of geography but some geographers specialize in quantitative methods specifically.

7 Ways to Help Save Bees

7 Ways to Help Save Bees Bees may not be the most popular of insects, but it is clear that they play a vital role in the health of our environment. Bees pollinate plants; without them, we wouldnt have flowers or many of the foods we eat. Some estimates show that bees are responsible for about one out of every three bites of food on our plates at every meal. With bee populations facing a myriad of threats, how can we save the bees? Bee populations are on the decline.  Since the 1940s, honeybee colonies have decreased from 5 million to 2.5 million. Ecologists have been scrambling to understand why bee populations are dying. It can involve parasites and bacteria to pollution to habitat loss. The more they search for answers, the more time is lost while the bees continue to die. The good news is that there are lots of things that you can do to help save the worlds bees. And you dont have to be a beekeeper to do it. Make a commitment to help the planet and save the bees by trying one of these bee-friendly ideas: Plant Something Plant a tree, a flower, or a vegetable garden. Set up a window box or planter in your backyard or at your community park (with permission, of course.) Just plant something. The more plants there are, the more bees will find food and a stable habitat. Pollinating plants are best, but trees and shrubs are good too. Check out the U.S. Fish Wildlifes guide for the best plants to grow to help protect pollinators. Cut the Chemicals Its possible that our addiction to pesticides is what is causing the worlds bee populations to decline. You can reduce the amounts of chemicals that enter the environment by doing two things: Purchase organic produce whenever possible and limit your own backyard use of herbicides and insecticides, especially when plants are in bloom and bees are foraging. Build a Bee Box Different types of bees need different types of habitats to survive. Some bees nest in wood or mud, while others make their homes on the ground. Check out the USFWSs Pollinator Pages to learn more about how to build a simple bee box for the pollinators in your neighborhood. Register If you do have good pollinator habitat in your community, register your space as part of the SHARE map, a collection of pollinator habitats from all over the world. You can also access planting guides, featured habitats, and more information about the threats facing the worlds bees.   Buy Local Honey Support local beekeepers by purchasing honey directly from your local beekeepers. Protect Bees in Your Community Get involved in your local community and share what you know about the importance of protecting bees. Write an editorial to your local paper or ask to speak at your next town council meeting about ways that everyone in your area can work together to support bees. Learn More Stay involved in bee issues by learning about the environmental stresses facing bee populations today. Pollinator.org has lots of great resources for learning about bee life cycles, pesticides, parasites, and other information to help you better understand the bees around the world and in your own backyard.

Influences of Language on Society Research Paper

Influences of Language on Society - Research Paper Example However, for a term to qualify as slang for a particular group of people it has to be accepted by everyone. The people for whom it is meant for must feel comfortable enough using it as part of who they are. This is because slang is usually an embodiment of a people’s attitudes, practices, and beliefs. It should make people feel close to each other because of what they have in common. Slang can grow big and even spread to other subcultures and clans based on how popular it has become in the region of its use. It has no limits whatsoever. The requirement for one slang term to survive is that it must be adopted and taken in by as many people as possible. When slang becomes extensive, it is even adopted into society as part of the formal and standard language. Now, slang is so much a distinguishing factor of many groups of people that the effect it has in today’s society is immense and impossible to ignore. Sadly enough, the impact is greatly marked by class separation amon g people who use different types of slang according to their clans of origin. History of slang Slang was invented to reduce the fast-changing rate of both written and spoken language altogether. In the Middle Ages several writers came up with varied pronunciations and dialects which were branded the name ‘slang’. ... After all, criminals need to speak in their own coded language which no one, but themselves can understand. However, when its usage began to spread the society as a whole became alarmed. As more and more people adopted the English Criminal Cant, the intellectuals became concerned for the education of their children. Teachers advised their pupils not to indulge in the English Criminal Cant (then, already slang), claiming that it was misuse of English Slang started to be used in well-known plays by scriptwriters. Due to British colonialists many people knew most slang words all over America and Britain. Events such as the civil war enhanced the spread of slang as well, Scholars were embracing the new language with a positive attitude. â€Å"Slang as a wholesomeof common humanity to escape the form of bald literalism and express it illimitably (Thorne, 26). Slang was developing a new status during that time. People no longer associated it as a language of criminals and foreigners. Afte r the World War 1, society craved entertainment and what better what to entertain that to use slang. Now slang has been diversified in America to suit the needs of different cultures. One of the most common types of slang is the African-American slang. The root of all forms of slang is embedded in other languages. Slang shamelessly borrows words from other languages and twists, others would say corrupts, those into words much simpler, perhaps shorter, and much more easily understood. In short, slang borrows other languages’ words and changes them into something more comfortable for a set group of people. Majority users of slang in society today Slang is highly widespread in the society today. As mentioned earlier,

Organisation and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisation and Management - Essay Example The goals would be looked from the eyes of the person whose interest lies in the implied strategy. There may arise some biasness in terms of tasks being done. The information here needs to be gathered by the expert professionals to ensure that it is accurate and according to the modern technologies. Once the information is gathered it is normally communicated through a one-way process, either through senior or expert representatives to the recipients. Communication is done on the basis of understanding and not redefining of what the experts had gathered. The actual gatherings of data must be discussed thoroughly to avoid the self-interests of some of the employees. Normative-Reeducative in this kind of a change people are more focused on things that satisfies and fulfill their needs. Over here the issue is not to find the right information but to find an effective relationship between the values of the employees and the organization on whole. In this the organization tries to involve as many employees as they can to get an overall picture of the needs and values that the employees crave for. Intense interactions between the employees are required. For the change strategy to be successful the organization has to take into consideration the surrounding culture like broader system, habits and values of the employees that dominate. ... This process takes a longer period of time as compared to empirical rational. In such a change if the organization goes by the values and culture of a specific culture then they may find difficult competing with the international world if the global culture does not contain the same values and needs. Power-Coercive in this kind of a change those who possess knowledge hold the power. This approach focuses more on the use of political and economic sanctions as the main strategy to bring about change. Political power normally involves policies, laws and other agreements, and economic on the other hand is the logical extension of political power. Here the issues focus on jail and other personal liberty sanctions. Some of the specific strategies that come under this approach may include over throw of political regimes or changing of organizational management through stakeholder pressure and so on. This kind of a strategy maybe de-motivating for some employees to work. Today employees want empowerment and job rotation in order to increase the interest in their work schedules, but working under such authoritative strategy may affect their output. The authority imposing employees may show biasness to some of the other employees causing differences. Environmental-Adaptive People are not happy with the disruptions that occur within the organization but they do adapt to new circumstances as required. It is more like building a new organization and gradually transferring people from the old one to the new one. Not all organizations are willing to change when the need arises. They are more scared of what if the changes do not suit the organization over all, and therefore they continue with the orthodox ways of achieving goals where as the

Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X Assignment Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X Assignment - Essay Example Is the introduction successful in convincing you of this? Why or why not? The introduction was successful in making me believe the two leaders were polar opposites in their ideas of a revolution. They both, however, had the same agenda, to fight for the rights of the black man. King believes it is dangerous to organize a movement against self-defense. He says there is no need to kill the principal if you want to go to school or burn a factory that you intend to go work. Pitney brings out King’s ideas in his book in the form of the speech. â€Å"I am convinced that for practical as well as moral reasons, nonviolence offers the only road to freedom for my people.†1 Kings tell his people about the record of changes in the South of America with a nonviolence approach to redeeming his people.2 The people of the South had made progress regarding integration between blacks and whites. Malcolm X believes the only way to redeem his people and get their land was through violence. Malcolm X preached violence for the black people to be able to achieve a revolution. He compares the black peoples revolution to that in Africa, where the people had to be violent to receive their land. He believed in African Americans owning land to be equal to the white peopl e. â€Å"So I cite these various revolutions, brothers and sisters, to show you that you dont have a peaceful revolution. You dont have a turn-the-other-cheek revolution. Theres no such thing as a nonviolent revolution. The only kind of revolution that is nonviolent is the Negro revolution. The only revolution in which the goal is loving your enemy is the Negro revolution†.3 The quote is part of Malcolm X thoughts regarding nonviolence of the African Americans towards the revolution. Martin Luther King was looking forward to a time when the black and white people would be sitting at a table together as brothers. Malcolm X first interest on the other hand was African Americans to

Nucleic Acids Are The Organic Compounds

Nucleic Acids Are The Organic Compounds Nucleic acids were discovered by Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss biochemist, in 1869. He called them nucleic because he believed that they occurred only in the nucleus of the cell [1]. Nucleic Acids are the organic compounds found in the chromosomes of living cells and in viruses. The structure of the nucleic acids in a cell determines the structure of the proteins produced in that cell. Since proteins are the building blocks of life, nucleic acids can be considered the blueprints of life. But chemically we can define nucleic acids as molecules that are comprised of monomers known as nucleotides.[2,3] The two main types of nucleic acids are:- Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) :-It ordinarily occurs only in the cell nucleus. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA):-It is found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm (the main part of the cell exclusive of the nucleus). Both DNA and RNA combine with protein materials to carry out cell division and cell repair processes. [4] Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) A type of nucleic acid that constitutes the molecular basis of heredity. It is found principally in the nucleus of all cells where it forms part of the chromosome, or in the cytoplasm of cells lacking a nucleus, such as bacteria. It acts as the carrier of genetic information containing the instructions (code) to make proteins. It consists of two single chains of nucleotides, which are twisted round each other to form a double helix or spiral. The nucleotides contain sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate and the bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine). The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds located between specific pairs of bases (adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine). The sequence of bases and consequently gene sequence is sometimes altered, causing mutation. DNA includes the sugar deoxyribose, which has one less oxygen atom than ribose the sugar found in RNA, hence the name is deoxy-ribose nucleic acid.[6,7] Each DNA molecule is a long two-stranded chain. The strands are made up of subunits called nucleotides, each containing a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, denoted A, G, T, and C, respectively. A given strand contains nucleotides bearing each of these four. The information carried by a given gene is coded in the sequence in which the nucleotides bearing different bases a soccur along the strand. The chemical and physical properties of DNA suit it for both replication and transfer of information . Fig 1.A 3D rendered computer model of the DNA double helix. [16] Structure Of DNA Its structure, with two strands wound around each other in a double helix to resemble a twisted ladder, was first described (1953) by Francis Crick and James D. Watson and they named it as Watson and Crick model of DNA which states that: Fig 2. Double helix structure of DNA[ It is a double helix with two right handed helical polydeoxy ribonucleotide strands twisted around the same central axis. The two strands are anti parallel. The phosphodiester linkages of one of these strands run in 5 to 3 direction while the other strand runs in 3 to 5 direction. The bases are stacked inside the helix in planes perpendicular to the helical axis. These two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. In addition to hydrogen bonds, other forces e.g., hydrophobic interactions between stacked bases are also responsible for stability and maintenance of double helix. Adenine always pairs with thymine while guanine always pairs with cytosine. A-T pair has 2 hydrogen bonds while G-C pair has 3 hydrogen bonds. Hence, G C is more stronger than A=T. The content of adenine is equal to the content of thymine and the content of guanine is equal to the content of cytosine. This is Chargaffs rule, which is proved by the complementary base pairing in DNA structure. The genetic information is present only on one strand known as template strand. The double helix structure contains major and minor grooves in which proteins interact with DNA. The diameter of double helix is 2nm. The double helical structure repeats at intervals of 3.4 nm (one completer turn) which corresponds to 10 base pairs.[7,8,9] Different forms of DNA Double helical structure exists in six different forms. They are A-DNA, B-DNA, C-DNA, D-DNA, E-DNA and Z-DNA. Among these only 3 forms of DNA are important. They are B-DNA, A-DNA and Z-DNA. 5.1 B-DNA:-This is nothing but the double helical structure described by Watson and Crick. It has 10 base pairs in each turn. 5.2 A-DNA:-This is also a right handed helix. It has 11 base pairs per turn. 5.3 Z-DNA:-This is a left handed helix. It has 12 base pairs per turn. The strands in this form move in a zig-zag manner and hence it is called as Z-DNA.[12,13] Properties of DNA The properties shown by DNA that allows for transmission of genetic information to new cells are as follows:- Replication Transcription Translation 6.1 Replication An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell. Fig3. Replication Process in DNA [30] 6.2 Transcription Transcription is the process in which DNA nucleic acids transfer the cells genetic information into RNA materials. In essence, each DNA strand manufactures a corresponding RNA strand. Three types of RNA are manufactured within this process. [13]Messenger RNAs (mRNA) are designed to carry the genetic information received from the DNA strands. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) reside in the cells cytoplasm, and are responsible for decoding, or translating the genetic instructions into cell processes. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) are responsible for gathering whatever amino acids are needed for protein synthesis.[14] Fig4. Transcription In DNA [20] 6.3 Translation Translation is the process in which RNA molecules create the proteins needed to sustain necessary cell functions. This is accomplished by converting the genetic code contained in the messenger RNAs into amino acid strings, which is what make protein molecules. This conversion process takes place within the ribosomes, which are located in the cells cytoplasm. [14] Functions of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): DNA is a permanent storage place for genetic information. DNA controls the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid). The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the protein development in new cells. The function of the double helix formation of DNA is to ensure that no disorders occur. This is because the second identical strand of DNA that runs anti-parallel to the first is a backup in case of lost or destroyed genetic information. Ex. Downs Syndrome or Sickle Cell Anemia.[16,17] RNA( ribonucleic acid) It is another type of nucleic acid which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells. They play an essential role in the synthesis of proteins. On hydrolysis they yield the pentose sugar ribose, the purine bases adenine and guanine, the pyrimidine bases cytosine and uracil, and phosphoric acid.RNA occurs mostly in the cytoplasm in the eukaryotic cells. A small amount occurs in the nucleus of the cell, as a constituent of nucleolus. RNA is a single polynucleotide chain composed of nucleotides of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. Thymine nucleotides are absent. Structure of RNA RiboNucleic Acids consist of: Ribose (a pentose = sugar with 5 carbons) Phosphoric Acid Organic (nitrogenous) bases: Purines (Adenine and Guanine) and Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Uracil) An RNA molecule is a linear polymer in which the monomers (nucleotides) are linked together by means of phosphodiester bridges, or bonds. These bonds link the 3 carbon in the ribose of one nucleotide to the 5 carbon in the ribose of the adjacent nucleotide. Fig 5. Chemical Structure of RNA [19] Purines: Adenine A Guanine G Pyrimidines: Uracil U Cytosine C Fig 6. Organic Bases Structure of RNA [21] Structural Difference between RNA and DNA RNA differs, however, from DNA because it does not form an analogous double helical structure. The pyrimidine base thymine is modified in that it lacks a methyl group and the resulting uracil takes its place in base pairing. Together, the presence of uracil in place of thymine, and the 2-OH in the ribose constitute the two chemical differences between RNA and DNA which is shown in Fig 7. Fig7. Structural difference between RNA and DNA [19] Types Of RNA 11.1 Messenger RNA (mRNA) It represents about 5 to 10% of the total RNA. It is synthesised from DNA as and when necessary. It carries the genetic information in the form of a specific sequence of nitrogen bases arranged in triplet codons, which are copies from the code in DNA. 11.2 Transfer RNA (tRNA) It represents about 10 to 15% of the total RNA in the cell. It has the shortest molecule having only about 80 to 100 nucleotides. The polynucleotide chain is folded on itself to have the shape of a cloverleaf. The molecule has three lateral loops, a DHU loop, a t loop and an anticodon loop. The anticodon loop bears a triplet combination of nitrogen bases, called anticodon. It is complementary to a codon of mRNA. The tRNA molecule is meant for recognising and carrying particular types of amino acids to the sites of protein synthesis. 11.3 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) It represents nearly 80% of the total RNA in the cell. It always occurs bound to basic proteins in ribosomes. It takes part in assembling the amino acids brought by tRNA, into a polypeptide chain, based on the sequence of codons in mRNA. [19,20] Functions of RNA RNA serves the following functions: mRNA has a significant role in genetic code. tRNA is responsible for transferring amino acids to the site of protein synthesis (ribosomes). rRNA assembles the amino acids into a polypeptide chain. It also serves as a primer for replication of DNA. RNA serves as the genetic material in some plant viruses. [21] Applications of Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids find a number of exciting applications in various fields. . 13.1 Microarrays and biosensors PNA(peptide nucleic acid) can be used on microarrays and other biosensors. PNA microarray combined with PCR could detect genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food 13.2 Imaging probes and FISH PNA is especially good for FISH because it can bind to DNA or RNA quickly even under low salt or other unfavorable conditions for DNA.PNA s specificity was utilized to discriminate 16S rRNA of bacteria species in drinking water. PNA probes also have been used for in vivo imaging of mRNA for cancer research. [23] 13.3 Catalysts and receptors Nucleic acids can also be employed as enzymes (for catalysis) and receptors (for ligand binding). Increasingly, researchers are making interesting use of these molecules, now collectively called functional nucleic acids. 13.4 Body functions Essential bodily functions such as growth, repair and reproduction all rely on nucleic acid for direction and support. Nucleic acid is in nearly every cell of the body. [24] 13.5 Medicinal Uses Gen-Probe Inc. (San Diego, California) introduced nucleic acid probe-based diagnostic products for gonorrhea and chlamydia. It is a direct test based on DNA ribosomal RNA hybridization, with demonstrated sensitivity of 89.9% to 97.1%, and specificity of 93% to 98%. [23, 26] FUTURE PROSPECTS OF NUCLEIC ACID Nucleic-acid-amplification test (NAAT) is used for the diagnosis of TB(tuberculosis) by the new method instead of conventional smear/culture method. So NAAT will simply take us to a new era of advanced, effective, and rapid TB diagnosis. Attempts are done to employ nucleic acids in effective gene therapy which is believe to become commonplace in recent years. At the same time, however, the study of nucleic acids has revealed remarkable properties of DNA and RNA molecules that could make them attractive therapeutic agents, independent of their well-known ability to encode biologically active proteins. In future we will find alternative uses of nucleic acids that do not rely on virus-based vectors or even on gene transfer. Tuberculosis (TB) is an important target for clinical testing due to the increase in incidence of the disease in this decade. Both Roche and Gen-Probe,great are developing kits for rapid TB testing. The Roche kit is based on PCR technology, while Gen-Probes kit uses transcription mediated amplification. [27, 28, 29]

OLD BLOOD AND GUTS Essay -- essays papers

OLD BLOOD AND GUTS General Patton was a devoted student of history, a poet, a humble man who was very unsure of his own abilities, a man who could bust into tears at any given moment, and could be charming or quite insulting all in the same hour. His reckless, outspoken manner gained him friends and enemies of equal determination. General Patton was not only extrovert of public perception but he also had an intensely private side. He was a man who trained himself for greatness with a determination matched by no other Allied General of World War Two. During the war, Patton led U.S. troops in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily, then took command of the Third Army, leading the troops through the German lines at Normandy to traverse France and eventually into the heart of Germany. His toughness on enemies as well as his own forces earned him the name â€Å"Old Blood and Guts.† General George Smith Patton’s leadership and tactics were the best of any Allied general of World War Two. Old Blood and Guts was born in 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He was a man who from a very early age knew he was destine for a life in the military as one can read in his journal â€Å" When I was a little boy at home I used to wear a wooden sword and say to myself: ‘George S. Patton, Jr., Lieutenant General’.†1 He followed his dreams and gained an educated at Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy. On his graduation in 1909 Patton was commissioned a second lieutenant; he advanced in rank to full General by 1945. George Patton served as aide-de-camp to the American General John Joseph Pershing on Pershing’s expedition to Mexico in 1917. As a young lieutenant Patton was asked by General Pershing why he should be chosen to go on a dangerous mission The young, cocky Patton replied, â€Å"I want to go more than anyone else.†2 After making a name for himself early in his career, Patton earned a promotion; beginning the practice of many promotions to come. His experiences in Mexico prepared him for the soon to come war in Europe. In France during World War One Patton was offered a position as a tank core commander. In his journals, he wrote, â€Å"I will have to grow and grow a lot. But I will. Here is my chance.†3 soldier’s testimonies added to his reputation of being a tough commander. After a battle, he was quoted by some soldiers as saying â€Å"You are not bea... ... of solace, and the basis of practically every thing he did. Patton’s nephew wrote â€Å"The Bible was his companion and the church his refuge.†11 It was not uncommon to see General Patton weeping at the side of a dead or dying solider during his Army career. General George Smith Patton was a great American leader. His victories for America in Mexico, in World War One, and in World War Two proved his amazing leadership skills to the world. His bold, new tactics in France during World War Two are the basis of the modern military. Throughout his career, General Patton earned the respect of his men, his superiors, and the enemy. General George Smith Patton's leadership and tactics were the best of any Allied general of World War Two. WORKS CITED Blumenson Martin. Patton the man behind the legend. New York.:Berkly Publishing Company, 1984. Desto Carlo. Patton a genius for war. New York.: Harper Collins Company, 1995. Ladisias Fargo. Patton: Ordeal and Triumph. Chicago.: Ivan Obolengres company, 1981. Wallace Brenton. Patton and his Third Army. New York.: Battery Press, 1981. Blumenson Martin. The Patton Papers 1940-1945. Boston.: Houghton Muffin Company, 1974.

Power Theft Detection

1. INTRODUCTION The automatic meter reading(AMR) system as become a necessity for most suppliers as deregulation, free customer choice and open market competition occur in the energy supply sector. Power line communication has many new service possibilities on the data transferring via power lines without use extra cables. AMR is a very important application in these possibilities due to every user connected each other via modems using power lines. AMR is a technique to facilitate remote readings energy consumption.Improving the electrical power supply to households as a big issue. The government has set a specific goal to raise the distribution rate of electrical power supply, which is now around 70% to 80% to 100%. Power companies are plagued by power theft. PLC will play an important role in placing anti-theft power system. Illegal electricity may be a serious problem in many countries . This problem has been attempted to be resolved by special skills of humans, such as the police special security etc. These method could not give optimum solution due to their impracticalities. Similar essay: Essay About Snatch TheftMeter reading has been applied by humans and some electronics solutions such as optical reading methods, creditable utilization of electrical energy etc. Many chips which can be used for digital energy metering and PLC modems. The problem of illegal usage of electricity must be solved electronically, without any human control. 2. POWER THEFT Electrical power by altering, slowing, resetting, swapping, or disconnecting an electric meter. Theft also may occur by rewiring circuits to avoid an electric meter, or by tapping into another customer’s electrical lines.The fraudster might use devices to program the theft of power only during certain periods of theday or week. A fraudster may rewire their property to illegally use power from cheaper sources of power, or from meters that are billed at lower rates. The fraudster risks electrocution and detection. Field employees of the power company are trained to spot problems that result in persons n ot being billed for all the electricity they use. Computerized billing systems are designed to detect erratic electricity use Fig No 2. 1 3. PLC installATION.Power meters with PLC  modules will be installed near the top of the power polls. Previously, it was enough to install power meters in high places, not in low places such as the house wall, to prevent users from using power illegally by connecting cables, or by using tampered meters. However, by doing so, the homeowners themselves cannot check how much electricity was used. Therefore, PLC  technology was chosen. Meters installed in high places will send data of the used amount to each household through power lines. Homeowners can then check the amount used on the displays installed in each house.This means that the measurement function and the display function of the meters will be separated. [pic] Fig No3. 1 †¢Ã‚  Power theft is prevented by installing  HD-PLC-mounted power meters on a high position on power polls, while the amount of power used in each household can still be checked Each power meter is connected to an optical fiber network, and information of the amount used by each household is sent to the power companies. If the power companies find that a payment is delinquent, they can remotely stop the power supply by controlling the meters through the optical fiber network.In this way,  HD-PLC  and optical fiber networks enable power companies to prevent power theft, and to grasp the actual amount of power consumed by district or by each household in real time, and also to control the amount of power supply. The waste of power can also be reduced, another big advantage. Furthermore, wide spread use of the power meters with  HD-PLC  modules is expected to reduce regional disparities in information, or the ‘digital divide’. 4 . DETECTION OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE 4. 1 Methods Of Illegal Electricity Usage:In illegal usage, a subscriber illegally use electricity in f ollowing ways: 4. 1. 1 Using the mechanical objects: A subscriber can use some mechanical objects to prevent the revolution of a meter, so that disk speed is reduced and the recorded energy is also reduced. 4. 1. 2 Using a fixed magnet: A subscriber can use a fixed magnet to change the electromagnetic field of the current coils. As is well known , the recorded energy proportional to electromagnetic field. 4. 1. 3. Using the external phase before meter terminals: This method gives subscribers free energy without any record. . 1. 4. Switching the energy cables at the meter connector box: In this way ,the current does not pass through the current coil of the meter, so the meter does not record the energy consumption. Although all of the methods explained above may be valid for electromechanical meters, only the last two methods are valid for digital meters. 5. DESCRIPTION ON PLC Most economically viable technology for transferring Meter data to DCU. Uses the technique of communicating the data over existing Electrical Lines which carry LT power to the site.PLC is a kind of communication technology, which uses Medium Voltage(MV) and Low Voltage(LV) distribution network as the communication media to implement transmission of data, voice and real time image. The components involved in PLC are the; 1. Power Line Carrier Unit which provides signal transmission and reception. 2. There is a Coupler used for â€Å"clamping† around a live wire thus injecting the communication signals into the power line. 3. PLC modem 5. 1 The monitoring system mainly has the following functions: 1. Remote meter-reading 2. Data acquisition 3. Thread PLC transmissions are synchronized to the zero crossing point of the AC power line. It should be transmitted as close to the zero crossing point i. e. within 200 ? s. Square wave with a max Delay of 100 ? s from the zero crossing point The maximum delay between signal envelope input and 120KHz output bursts is 50 ? s. Therefore, it shoul d be arranged that outputs to the within 50 ? s. 5. 2 CODE TRANSMISSION: A Binary 1 is represented by a 1 ms burst of 120 KHz the zero crossing point and a Binary 0 by the absence of 120 KHz. Therefore only the 1 ms â€Å"envelope† need be applied to their inputs.These 1 millisecond bursts should actually be transmitted three times to coincide with the zero crossing points of all three phases in a three phase distribution system. 6. DIFFERENT COUPLING UNITS. [pic] 7. DEFINITION ON AMR AMR(AUTOMATIC REMOTE READING) automates the process of measurement through digital communication techniques. Bring â€Å"intelligence† into the revenue cycle and manage it: The revenue cycle includes metering, billing operating, customer and the services. 7. 1 ADVANTAGES: 1. Smart automated process instead of manual work. 2. Accurate information from the network load to optimise maintenance and investments . Customized rates and billing dates. 4. Streamlined high bill investigations. 5. D etection of tampering of Meters. 6. Accurate measurement of transmission losses. 7. Better network performance and cost efficiency. 8. Demand and distribution management. 9. More intelligence to business planning 10. Better company credibility. 8. DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM The proposed control system for the detection of illegal electricity usage is: [pic] FIG. 8. 1 PLC signaling is only valid over the low voltage -220VAC power lines. The system should be applied to every low-voltage distribution network.The system given in fig 7. 1 belongs only one distribution transformer network and should be repeated for every distribution network. Although the proposed system can be used uniquely, it is better to use it with automatic meter reading system. If the AMR system will be used in any network, the host PLC unit and a PLC modem for every subscriber should be contained in this system. In fig7. 1 the host PLC unit and other PLC modems are named PLC1A,†¦. ,PLCNA and are used for AM R. These units provide communication with each other and send the recorded data in kilowatthour meters to the PLC unit.In order to detect illegal usage of electrical energy, a PLC modem and an energy meter chip for every subscriber are added to an existing AMR system. As given in fig1, PLC1B,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,PLCNB and energy meter chips belong to the detector. The detector PLC’s and energy meters must be placed at the connection point between distribution main lines and subscriber’s line. 8. 1 ADVANTAGE OF THIS SYSTEM : Most economically viable technology for transferring Meter data to DCU. Uses the technique of communicating the data over existing Electrical Lines which carry LT power to the site.Since the connection point is usually in the air or at underground, it is not suitable for anyone to access, such that its control is easy. It is very economical and is reliable solution when it is compared with the economical loss caused by illegal usage. 8. 2 CONDITIONS FOR T HIS DETECTION AND CONTROL: PLC signaling must be in CENELAC standards. CENELAC has formed the standard in which the frequency bands, signaling levels, and procedure are specified. 3-9 khz are restricted for use by electricity suppliers, and 95-148. 5khz are restricted to consumer use. The signal level for the band 95-148. khz is limited as follows. For general use ,the signaling level is limited to 116db µV. 9. DETECTION The recorded data in kilowatt hour meters for every subscriber are sent to host PLC modem via PLC modems which are placed in subscribers locations. On the other hand energy meter chips are located in connection point and read the enrgy in kilowatthours and also send the data to host PLC unit. This proposed detector system as two recorded energy data in host PLC unit, one which comes from the AMR-PLC, and the other which comes from the PLC at the connection points.These two recorded energy data are compared in the host PLC; if there is any difference between two re adings an error signal is generated. This means that there is an illegal electricity usage in the network. After that, the subscriber address and error signal are combined and sent to the central control unit. If it is, requested, a contacter may be included to the system at location to turn off the energy automatically, as in the case of illegal usage 10.. ILLEGAL DETECTOR SYSTEM FOR ONE SUBSCRIBER [pic] Fig No 10. 1 11.SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF THE DETECTION SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL KILOWATTHOUR METERS [pic] Figure 11. 1 A host PLC modem, an energy meter chip and its PLC modem, an electromechanical kilowatthour meter and its PLC modem, and an optical reflector sensor system are loaded at the same phase of the power grid. The energy value at the electromechanical kilowatthour meter is converted to digital data using optical reflector sensor. Disk speed of the kilowatthour meter is couted and obtained data is sent to PLC modem as energy valu e of the kilowatthour meter.At the system model, an illegal load may be connected to the power line before the kilowatthour meter via an S switch. While only a legal load is in the system, two meters are accorded each other to compensate for any error readings. The host PLC unit reads two recorded data coming from metering PLC units. If the S switch is closed ,illegal load is connected to the system. , and therefore two recorded energy values are different from each other. The host PLC unit is generated when it received two different records from the same subscriber. This is the detection of the illegal usage for interested users.In these, the tests, the carrier frequency is selected at 132khz, which is permitted in the CENELAC frequency band. In real application, the AMR system may be designed in all CENELAC bands. The data rate between the host and the other PLC modem is 2400b/s. Data signaling between PLC modems has a protocol which includes a header, address, energy value data, error correction bits, and other serial communication bits such as parity and stop bits. The protocol may also be changed according to the properties of the required system and national power grid architecture.In the digital energy meter system, the recorded energy may be received in the digital form directly using the port of the meter. Therefore, there is no need for an optical reflector system in digital meters. 12. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED DETECTOR SYSTEM The proposed detector system is the equipment and procedure for controlling more remote stations from a master control station. It includes PLC modems, energy meters, control logics, and the system software . 12. 1 PLC MODEMS: These used for two way communication to and from the host station and the remotely controlled targets. 12. 2 ENERGY METER AND CONTROL LOGIC:Energy meter includes metering chip, and some circuit element. control and logic units compare and generate the error signal in the illegal usage. 12. 3 SYTEM SOFT WARE: Assembler program for the microcontroller and the operating software for the management of the overall system. Operator software may be downloaded from a PC and should be placed in the main center of the system. 13. AN AMR SYSTEM FOR AN ILLEGAL DETECTOR PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTONS: 1) 1Every user has two PLC modems; one is for AMR and the other is used to send the data from second energy meter chip to host PLC modem. ) An energy meter must be connected in the connection box between a home line and main power lines. 3) The host PLC unit must be placed in the distribution transformer and the configuration of the addressing format of PLC signaling must be designed carefully. 4. The host PLC modem and its controller must include two addresses per every user: one is the AMR and the other for the energy meter. These two addresses must be selected sequentially. 5. Operating software must designed for the information of every subscriber in every sub power network: subscriber ident ification number, billing address etc. . The system has two values of energy consumption for every user, so if there is a difference between them an error signal is generated for the illegal user. 7. The proposed equipment is the only one distributed in the power network. So this system should be repeated for all distribution power networks. All host units in each distribution transformer maybe connected only one main center station via phone lines, fibre optic cable or RF links. 14. CONCLUSION A detector system to determine illegal electricity usage via power line communication is designed and proposed.The proposed system is examined in laboratory conditions. Obtained results from this study show that if the AMR and detector system are used together, illegal usage of electricity may detected. The system functions with real-time monitoring users and burden forecast, which uses MV&LV PLC as its transmission media. The system is integrated with power management and burden control. Und er power theft, the relay is switched off isolating the area of power theft from the EB side . LCD display also indicates power theft. Energy regulation does not epresent an obstacle, since PLC service does not affect the power supply and maintains separate accounts from the core utility business. Once this proposed system is tried in real power lines, the distribution losses can be reduced effectively. 15. REFERENCE [1]Hakki Cavdar, †A solution to remote detection of illegal electricity usage via power line communication†, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,vol. 19,no. 4,Oct 2004. [2] T. Y. Lim and T. W. Chan, â€Å"Experimenting remote kilowatt hour meter through low voltage power lines at dense housing areas†, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, pp708-711,july 2002. [3] J.Newbury and W. Miller,† Multiprotocol routing for automatic remote using power line carrier systems†, IEEE Trans. Power delivery,vol. 16 pp 1-5,Jan 2001. ABSTARCT Power Line Communication (PLC) presents an interesting and economical solution for automatic meter reading (AMR). If an AMR system via PLC is set in a power delivery system, a detection system for illegal electricity usage may be easily added in the existing PLC network. In the detection system, the second digitally energy meter chip is used and the value of energy is stored. The recorded energy is compared with the value at the main kilowatt-hour meter.In the case of difference between two recorded energy data, in error signal is generated and transmitted via PLC network. The detector and control system is proposed. The architecture of the system and their critical components are given. This report describes a prototype of the detector system for illegal electricity usage using the power lines. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to Prof. Sukumaran P R ,Head of the Department for providing me with the facilities for the seminar. I would also express my sincere gratitude to Mrs. Rajashree Raghavan ,for her guida nce and mere cooperation for preparing and presenting the seminar.Above all I thank all the faculties of the EEE Department and my friends for their moral support and encouragement. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION01 2. WHAT IS POWER THEFT? 02 3. How is PLC installed ? 03 4. DETECTION OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE04 5. DESCRIPTION ON PLC:05 6. DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM07 7. ILLEGAL DETECTOR SYSTEM FOR ONE SUBSCRIBER:10 8. SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF THE DETECTION SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL KILOWATTHOUR METERS11 9. AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED DETECTOR SYSTEM:13 10. CONCLUSION:15 11. REFERENCE16